Proposition 9.5.4.1 (Presentability of Slice and Coslice $\infty $-Categories). Let $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$ be a presentable $\infty $-category and let $f: K \rightarrow \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$ be a small diagram. Then the slice and coslice $\infty $-categories $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}_{/f}$ and $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}_{f/}$ are also presentable.
9.5.4 Closure Properties of Presentable $\infty $-Categories
We now show that the condition of presentability is preserved by various categorical constructions.
Proof. It follows from Corollary 9.4.8.6 that $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}_{/f}$ and $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}_{f/}$ are accessible. It will therefore suffice to show that $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}_{/f}$ and $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}_{f/}$ are cocomplete, which follows from Corollary 7.1.4.27 and Remark 7.1.3.16, respectively. $\square$
Corollary 9.5.4.2. Let $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$ be a presentable $\infty $-category. The following conditions are equivalent:
The $\infty $-category $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$ is locally cartesian closed (Definition 7.7.3.14).
Colimits in $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$ are universal: that is, every colimit diagram in $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$ is a universal colimit diagram.
Every small colimit diagram in $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$ is a universal colimit diagram.
Proof. The implication $(1) \Rightarrow (2)$ follows from Corollary 7.7.3.21 and the implication $(2) \Rightarrow (3)$ is trivial. We will complete the proof by showing that $(3)$ implies $(1)$. Assume that small colimits in $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$ are universal and let $f: X \rightarrow Y$ be a morphism in $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$; we wish to show that the pullback functor $f^{\ast }: \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}_{/Y} \rightarrow \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}_{/X}$ admits a right adjoint (Proposition 7.7.3.19). Since the $\infty $-categories $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}_{/X}$ and $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}_{/Y}$ are presentable (Proposition 9.5.4.1), it will suffice to show that the functor $f^{\ast }$ preserves small colimits (Theorem 9.5.2.1). This is a reformulation of assumption $(3)$ (see Corollary 7.7.2.34). $\square$
Proposition 9.5.4.3 (Presentability of Diagram $\infty $-Categories). Let $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$ be a presentable $\infty $-category and let $K$ be a small simplicial set. Then the diagram $\infty $-category $\operatorname{Fun}(K, \operatorname{\mathcal{C}})$ is presentable.
Proof. It follows from Proposition 9.4.8.1 that $\operatorname{Fun}(K, \operatorname{\mathcal{C}})$ is accessible and from Proposition 7.1.8.2 that it is cocomplete. $\square$
Proposition 9.5.4.4 (Presentability of Oriented Fiber Products). Let $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}_{-}$ and $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}_{+}$ be presentable $\infty $-categories and let $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$ be an accessible $\infty $-category. Suppose we are given a pair of accessible functors $F_{-}: \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}_{-} \rightarrow \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$ and $F_{+}: \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}_{+} \rightarrow \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$. If $F_{-}$ is cocontinuous or $F_{+}$ is continuous, then the oriented fiber product $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}_{-} \vec{\times }_{\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}} \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}_{+}$ is presentable.
Proof. It follows from Proposition 9.4.8.4 that the $\infty $-category $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}_{-} \vec{\times }_{\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}} \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}_{+}$ is accessible. Applying Corollary 7.1.9.5, we see that it is either complete (in the case where $F_{+}$ is continuous) or cocomplete (in the case where $F_{-}$ is cocontinuous), and therefore presentable. $\square$
Remark 9.5.4.5. In the situation of Proposition 9.5.4.4, the homotopy fiber product $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}_{\pm } = \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}_{-} \times ^{\mathrm{h}}_{\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}} \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}_{+}$ is accessible (Proposition 9.4.8.9). If the functors $F_{-}$ and $F_{+}$ are both cocontinuous, then $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}_{\pm } = \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}_{-} \times ^{\mathrm{h}}_{\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}} \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}_{+}$ is closed under small colimits in the presentable $\infty $-category $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}_{-} \vec{\times }_{\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}} \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}_{+}$ (Remark 7.1.9.6), and is therefore also presentable. If $F_{-}$ and $F_{+}$ are both continuous, then $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}_{\pm }$ is closed under small limits in $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}_{-} \vec{\times }_{\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}} \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}_{+}$, and therefore also presentable.
Corollary 9.5.4.6. Suppose we are given a categorical pullback diagram of $\infty $-categories where $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}_{-}$, $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}_{+}$, and $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$ are presentable. Assume either that $F_{-}$ and $F_{+}$ are both cocontinuous or both continuous and accessible. Then the $\infty $-category $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}_{\pm }$ is presentable.
Proof. The assumption that (9.16) is a categorical pullback square guarantees that $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}_{\pm }$ is equivalent to the homotopy fiber product $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}_{-} \times ^{\mathrm{h}}_{\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}} \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}_{+}$, which is presentable by Remark 9.5.4.5. $\square$
We now formulate a more general version of Corollary 9.5.4.6. Recall that every accessible $\infty $-category is $ \Omega ^{+}$-small, where $ \Omega $ denotes the fixed strongly inaccessible cardinal of Remark 4.9.0.4 (see Remark 9.4.6.14).
Proposition 9.5.4.7 (Cocontinuous Limits of Presentable $\infty $-Categories). Suppose we are given a small diagram $\mathscr {F}: \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}\rightarrow \operatorname{\mathcal{QC}}_{\leq \Omega }$ satisfying the following conditions:
For every vertex $C \in \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$, the $\infty $-category $\mathscr {F}(C)$ is presentable.
For every edge $e: C \rightarrow C'$ of $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$, the functor $\mathscr {F}(e): \mathscr {F}(C) \rightarrow \mathscr {F}(C')$ is cocontinuous.
Then the limit $\varprojlim ( \mathscr {F} )$ is also a presentable $\infty $-category.
Proof. It follows from Corollary 9.4.8.15 that the limit $\varprojlim (\mathscr {F})$ is an accessible $\infty $-category, and from Proposition 7.6.6.24 that it is cocomplete. $\square$
Example 9.5.4.8 (Products of Presentable $\infty $-Categories). Let $\{ \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}_ i \} _{i \in I}$ be a small collection of presentable $\infty $-categories. Then the product $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}= \prod _{i \in I} \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}_ i$ is presentable. This can be regarded as a special case of Proposition 9.5.4.7 (see Example 7.6.1.20). Alternatively, it follows from Corollary 9.4.6.19 (which guarantees that $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$ is accessible) and Example 7.1.3.11 (which guarantees that it is cocomplete).
Remark 9.5.4.9. In the situation of Proposition 9.5.4.7, suppose that $\operatorname{\mathcal{D}}$ is a cocomplete $\infty $-category. Then a functor $T: \operatorname{\mathcal{D}}\rightarrow \varprojlim (\mathscr {F})$ is cocontinuous if and only if, for each $C \in \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$, the composite functor $\operatorname{\mathcal{D}}\xrightarrow {T} \varprojlim (\mathscr {F}) \rightarrow \mathscr {F}(C)$ is cocontinuous. See Proposition 7.6.6.24.
Variant 9.5.4.10 (Continuous Limits of Presentable $\infty $-Categories). Suppose we are given a small diagram $\mathscr {F}: \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}\rightarrow \operatorname{\mathcal{QC}}_{\leq \Omega }$ satisfying the following conditions:
For every vertex $C \in \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$, the $\infty $-category $\mathscr {F}(C)$ is presentable.
For every edge $e: C \rightarrow C'$ of $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$, the functor $\mathscr {F}(e): \mathscr {F}(C) \rightarrow \mathscr {F}(C')$ is continuous and accessible.
Then the limit $\varprojlim ( \mathscr {F} )$ is also a presentable $\infty $-category.
Proof. It follows from Corollary 9.4.8.15 that the limit $\varprojlim (\mathscr {F})$ is an accessible $\infty $-category, and from Proposition 7.6.6.24 that it is complete. $\square$
Remark 9.5.4.11. In the situation of Variant 9.5.4.10, suppose that $\operatorname{\mathcal{D}}$ is a complete $\infty $-category. Then a functor $T: \operatorname{\mathcal{D}}\rightarrow \varprojlim (\mathscr {F})$ is continuous if and only if, for each $C \in \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$, the composite functor is continuous. Similarly, if $\operatorname{\mathcal{D}}$ is accessible, then $T$ is accessible if and only if each of the functors $T_{C}$ is accessible. See Proposition 7.6.6.24 and Remark 9.4.8.10.
Proposition 9.5.4.12. The $\infty $-categories $\operatorname{\mathcal{QC}}^{\operatorname{LPr}}$ and $\operatorname{\mathcal{QC}}^{\operatorname{RPr}}$ admit small limits, which are preserved by the inclusion functors $\operatorname{\mathcal{QC}}^{\operatorname{LPr}} \hookrightarrow \operatorname{\mathcal{QC}}_{\leq \Omega } \hookleftarrow \operatorname{\mathcal{QC}}^{\operatorname{RPr}}$.
Proof. Combine Proposition 9.5.4.7 and Remark 9.5.4.9 (for the $\infty $-category $\operatorname{\mathcal{QC}}^{\operatorname{LPr}}$) with Variant 9.5.4.10 and Remark 9.5.4.11 (for the $\infty $-category $\operatorname{\mathcal{QC}}^{\operatorname{RPr}}$) $\square$
Corollary 9.5.4.13. The $\infty $-categories $\operatorname{\mathcal{QC}}^{\operatorname{LPr}}$ and $\operatorname{\mathcal{QC}}^{\operatorname{RPr}}$ admit small colimits.
Proof. By virtue of Corollary 9.5.3.9, the $\infty $-category $\operatorname{\mathcal{QC}}^{\operatorname{LPr}}$ is equivalent to the opposite of $\operatorname{\mathcal{QC}}^{\operatorname{RPr}}$. It will therefore suffice to show that $\operatorname{\mathcal{QC}}^{\operatorname{LPr}}$ and $\operatorname{\mathcal{QC}}^{\operatorname{RPr}}$ admit small limits, which follows from Proposition 9.5.4.12. $\square$
Warning 9.5.4.14. The inclusion functors $\operatorname{\mathcal{QC}}^{\operatorname{LPr}} \hookrightarrow \operatorname{\mathcal{QC}}_{\leq \Omega } \hookleftarrow \operatorname{\mathcal{QC}}^{\operatorname{RPr}}$ do not preserve small colimits. For example, the initial object of $\operatorname{\mathcal{QC}}_{\leq \Omega }$ is the empty $\infty $-category, which is not presentable.
Remark 9.5.4.15 (Computing Colimits of Presentable $\infty $-Categories). Let $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$ be a small simplicial set, and suppose we are given a diagram $\mathscr {F}: \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}\rightarrow \operatorname{\mathcal{QC}}^{\operatorname{LPr}}$. Our proof of Corollary 9.5.4.13 supplies a concrete description of the colimit $\varinjlim (\mathscr {F} )$. Let $U: \operatorname{\mathcal{E}}\rightarrow \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$ be a cocartesian fibration with covariant transport representation $\mathscr {F}$ (for example, we can take $\operatorname{\mathcal{E}}$ to be the simplicial set $\int _{\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}} \mathscr {F}$ introduced in Definition 5.6.2.1). Then $U$ is a presentable cocartesian fibration (Definition 9.5.3.5). It is therefore a cartesian fibration which admits a contravariant transport representation $\mathscr {F}': \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}^{\operatorname{op}} \rightarrow \operatorname{\mathcal{QC}}^{\operatorname{RPr}}$ (Corollary 9.5.3.8). In this case, we can identify the colimit $\varinjlim ( \mathscr {F} )$ (formed in the $\infty $-category $\operatorname{\mathcal{QC}}^{\operatorname{LPr}}$) with the limit $\varprojlim ( \mathscr {F}' )$ (formed in the $\infty $-category $\operatorname{\mathcal{QC}}_{\leq \Omega }$). Applying Proposition 8.6.8.13, this limit can be identified with the $\infty $-category $\operatorname{Fun}^{\operatorname{Cart}}_{ / \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}}( \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}, \operatorname{\mathcal{E}})$ spanned by the cartesian sections of $U$.
Remark 9.5.4.16 (Ambidexterity). Suppose we are given a small diagram $\mathscr {F}: \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}\rightarrow \operatorname{\mathcal{QC}}^{\operatorname{LPr}}$, which we identify with the covariant transport representation of a presentable fibration $U: \operatorname{\mathcal{E}}\rightarrow \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$. Using Corollary 7.4.4.2 and Remark 9.5.4.15, we see that the limit and colimit of $\mathscr {F}$ are given by the $\infty $-categories $\operatorname{Fun}^{\operatorname{CCart}}_{/\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}}(\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}, \operatorname{\mathcal{E}})$ and $\operatorname{Fun}^{\operatorname{Cart}}_{/\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}}( \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}, \operatorname{\mathcal{E}})$ of cocartesian and cartesian sections of $U$, respectively. If $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$ is a Kan complex, every section of $U$ is both cartesian and cocartesian. In this case, we obtain a canonical equivalence
Let $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$ be a small simplicial set and let $U: \operatorname{\mathcal{E}}\rightarrow \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$ be a presentable cocartesian fibration, so that $U$ admits a covariant transport representation $\operatorname{Tr}_{\operatorname{\mathcal{E}}/\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}}: \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}\rightarrow \operatorname{\mathcal{QC}}^{\operatorname{LPr}}$. It follows from Proposition 7.4.4.1 that the $\infty $-category of cocartesian sections $\operatorname{Fun}_{ / \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}}^{\operatorname{CCart}}( \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}, \operatorname{\mathcal{E}})$ can be identified with a limit of $\operatorname{Tr}_{\operatorname{\mathcal{E}}/\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}}$ (formed in the $\infty $-category $\operatorname{\mathcal{QC}}_{\leq \Omega }$), and is therefore a presentable $\infty $-category (Proposition 9.5.4.7). This observation has a “lax” counterpart:
Proposition 9.5.4.17. Let $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$ be a small simplicial set and let $U: \operatorname{\mathcal{E}}\rightarrow \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$ be a presentable fibration. Then the $\infty $-category of sections $\operatorname{Fun}_{ / \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}}( \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}, \operatorname{\mathcal{E}})$ is presentable. Moreover, for each vertex $C \in \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$, the evaluation functor $\operatorname{Fun}_{ / \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}}( \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}, \operatorname{\mathcal{E}}) \rightarrow \operatorname{Fun}_{ / \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}}( \{ C\} , \operatorname{\mathcal{E}}) = \operatorname{\mathcal{E}}_{C}$ preserves small limits and colimits.
Example 9.5.4.18. Let $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$ be a presentable $\infty $-category and let $K$ be a small simplicial set. Applying Proposition 9.5.4.17 to the projection map $U: \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}\times K \rightarrow K$, we recover the assertion that the diagram $\infty $-category $\operatorname{Fun}(K, \operatorname{\mathcal{C}})$ is presentable (Proposition 9.5.4.3).
Proposition 9.5.4.17 is a consequence of the following more general assertion:
Lemma 9.5.4.19. Let $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$ be a small simplicial set and let $U: \operatorname{\mathcal{E}}\rightarrow \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$ be an edgewise accessible inner fibration (Definition 9.4.8.16). Assume that, for every vertex $C \in \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$, the $\infty $-category $\operatorname{\mathcal{E}}_{C} = \{ C\} \times _{\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}} \operatorname{\mathcal{E}}$ is presentable. If $U$ is either a locally cartesian fibration or locally cocartesian fibration, then the $\infty $-category $\operatorname{Fun}_{ / \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}}( \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}, \operatorname{\mathcal{E}})$ is presentable.
Proof. It follows from Corollary 9.4.8.27 that the fibration $U$ is edgewise accessible, so that the $\infty $-category $\operatorname{Fun}_{ / \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}}( \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}, \operatorname{\mathcal{E}})$ is accessible (Corollary 9.4.8.33). Applying Corollary 7.1.10.5, we see that $\operatorname{Fun}_{ / \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}}( \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}, \operatorname{\mathcal{E}})$ is either complete (if $U$ is a locally cocartesian fibration) or cocomplete (if $U$ is a locally cartesian fibration), and is therefore presentable. $\square$
Remark 9.5.4.20. In the situation of Lemma 9.5.4.19, if $U$ is a locally cartesian fibration then small colimits in the $\infty $-category $\operatorname{Fun}_{/\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}}( \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}, \operatorname{\mathcal{E}})$ are computed levelwise: that is, they are preserved by the evaluation functor for each vertex $C \in \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$. See Corollary 7.1.10.5. Similarly, if $U$ is a locally cocartesian fibration, then small limits in the $\infty $-category $\operatorname{Fun}_{/\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}}( \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}, \operatorname{\mathcal{E}})$ are computed levelwise.
Proof of Proposition 9.5.4.17. Let $U: \operatorname{\mathcal{E}}\rightarrow \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$ be a presentable fibration of simplicial sets. It follows from Proposition 9.5.3.7 that $U$ is an edgewise accessible inner fibration which is both locally cartesian and locally cocartesian. The desired result now follows by combining Lemma 9.5.4.19 with Remark 9.5.4.20. $\square$