2.2.1 $2$-Categories
Let $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$ be a strict $2$-category (Definition 2.2.0.1). Then the composition of $1$-morphisms in $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$ is strictly associative: that is, given a triple of composable $1$-morphisms
\[ f: W \rightarrow X \quad \quad g: X \rightarrow Y \quad \quad h: Y \rightarrow Z \]
of $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$, we have an equality $h \circ (g \circ f) = (h \circ g) \circ f$. Our goal in this section is to introduce the more general notion of (non-strict) $2$-category, where we weaken the associativity requirement: rather than demand that the $1$-morphisms $h \circ (g \circ f)$ and $(h \circ g) \circ f$ are identical, we instead ask for a specified isomorphism $\alpha _{h,g,f}: h \circ (g \circ f) \xRightarrow {\sim } (h \circ g) \circ f$ in the category $\underline{\operatorname{Hom}}_{\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}}(W, Z)$. In order to obtain a sensible theory, we must require that these isomorphisms satisfy an analogue of the pentagon identity which appears in Definition 2.1.1.5.
Definition 2.2.1.1 (Bénabou). A $2$-category $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$ consists of the following data:
A collection $\operatorname{Ob}(\operatorname{\mathcal{C}})$, whose elements we refer to as objects of $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$. We will often abuse notation by writing $X \in \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$ to indicate that $X$ is an element of $\operatorname{Ob}(\operatorname{\mathcal{C}})$.
For every pair of objects $X, Y \in \operatorname{Ob}(\operatorname{\mathcal{C}})$, a category $\underline{\operatorname{Hom}}_{\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}}( X, Y)$. We refer to objects $f$ of the category $\underline{\operatorname{Hom}}_{\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}}(X,Y)$ as $1$-morphisms from $X$ to $Y$ and write $f: X \rightarrow Y$ to indicate that $f$ is a $1$-morphism from $X$ to $Y$. Given a pair of $1$-morphisms $f,g \in \underline{\operatorname{Hom}}_{\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}}(X,Y)$, we refer to morphisms from $f$ to $g$ in the category $\underline{\operatorname{Hom}}_{\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}}(X,Y)$ as $2$-morphisms from $f$ to $g$. We will sometimes write $\gamma : f \Rightarrow g$ or $f \xRightarrow {\gamma } g$ to indicate that $\gamma $ is a $2$-morphism from $f$ to $g$.
For every triple of objects $X,Y,Z \in \operatorname{Ob}(\operatorname{\mathcal{C}})$, a composition functor
\[ \circ : \underline{\operatorname{Hom}}_{\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}}( Y, Z) \times \underline{\operatorname{Hom}}_{\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}}(X,Y) \rightarrow \underline{\operatorname{Hom}}_{\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}}(X,Z). \]
For every object $X \in \operatorname{Ob}(\operatorname{\mathcal{C}})$, a $1$-morphism $\operatorname{id}_{X} \in \underline{\operatorname{Hom}}_{\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}}(X,X)$, which we call the identity $1$-morphism from $X$ to itself.
For every object $X \in \operatorname{Ob}(\operatorname{\mathcal{C}})$, an isomorphism $\upsilon _{X}: \operatorname{id}_{X} \circ \operatorname{id}_{X} \xRightarrow {\sim } \operatorname{id}_{X}$ in the category $\underline{\operatorname{Hom}}_{\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}}(X,X)$. We refer to the $2$-morphisms $\{ \upsilon _{X} \} _{X \in \operatorname{Ob}(\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}) }$ as the unit constraints of $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$.
For every quadruple of objects $W, X, Y, Z \in \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$, a natural isomorphism $\alpha $ from the functor
\[ \underline{\operatorname{Hom}}_{\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}}(Y, Z) \times \underline{\operatorname{Hom}}_{\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}}( X, Y) \times \underline{\operatorname{Hom}}_{\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}}(W,X) \rightarrow \underline{\operatorname{Hom}}_{\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}}(W, Z) \quad \quad (h,g,f) \mapsto h \circ (g \circ f) \]
to the functor
\[ \underline{\operatorname{Hom}}_{\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}}(Y, Z) \times \underline{\operatorname{Hom}}_{\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}}( X, Y) \times \underline{\operatorname{Hom}}_{\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}}(W,X) \rightarrow \underline{\operatorname{Hom}}_{\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}}(W, Z) \quad \quad (h,g,f) \mapsto (h \circ g) \circ f. \]
We denote the value of $\alpha $ on a triple $(h,g,f)$ by $\alpha _{h,g,f}: h \circ (g \circ f) \xRightarrow {\sim } (h \circ g) \circ f$. We refer to these isomorphisms as the associativity constraints of $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$.
These data are required to satisfy the following pair of conditions:
- $(C)$
For every pair of objects $X,Y \in \operatorname{Ob}(\operatorname{\mathcal{C}})$, the functors
\[ \underline{\operatorname{Hom}}_{\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}}(X,Y) \rightarrow \underline{\operatorname{Hom}}_{\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}}(X,Y) \quad \quad f \mapsto f \circ \operatorname{id}_{X} \]
\[ \underline{\operatorname{Hom}}_{\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}}(X,Y) \rightarrow \underline{\operatorname{Hom}}_{\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}}(X,Y) \quad \quad f \mapsto \operatorname{id}_{Y} \circ f \]
are fully faithful.
- $(P)$
For every quadruple of composable $1$-morphisms
\[ V \xrightarrow {e} W \xrightarrow {f} X \xrightarrow {g} Y \xrightarrow {h} Z \]
in $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$, the diagram of isomorphisms
\[ \xymatrix@C =-10pt@R=30pt{ & h \circ ((g \circ f) \circ e) \ar@ {=>}[rr]^{ \alpha _{h, g \circ f, e} }_{\sim } & & (h \circ (g \circ f)) \circ e \ar@ {=>}[dr]^{ \alpha _{h, g, f} \circ \operatorname{id}_ e}_{\sim } & \\ h \circ (g \circ (f \circ e) ) \ar@ {=>}[ur]^{ \operatorname{id}_ h \circ \alpha _{g,f,e} }_{\sim } \ar@ {=>}[drr]_{ \alpha _{h,g,f\circ e}}^{\sim } & & & & ((h \circ g) \circ f) \circ e \\ & & (h \circ g) \circ (f \circ e) \ar@ {=>}[urr]_{\alpha _{ h \circ g, f, e} }^{\sim } & & } \]
commutes in the category $\underline{\operatorname{Hom}}_{\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}}( V, Z)$.
Example 2.2.1.4 (Strict $2$-Categories). Let $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$ be any strict $2$-category (in the sense of Definition 2.2.0.1). Then $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$ can be viewed as a $2$-category (in the sense of Definition 2.2.1.1) by taking the unit and associativity constraints $\upsilon _{X}$ and $\alpha _{h,g,f}$ to be identity $2$-morphisms in $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$.
Warning 2.2.1.5. Let $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$ be a $2$-category. If $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$ is strict, then we can extract from $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$ an underlying ordinary category having the same objects and $1$-morphisms (Remark 2.2.0.3). However, this operation has no counterpart for a general $2$-category $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$: in general, composition of $1$-morphisms in $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$ is associative only up to isomorphism.
Notation 2.2.1.8. Let $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$ be a $2$-category. We will generally follow the convention of denoting objects of $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$ by capital Roman letters, $1$-morphisms of $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$ by lowercase Roman letters, and $2$-morphisms of $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$ by lowercase Greek letters. However, we will often violate this convention when discussing specific examples. For instance, when studying the (strict) $2$-category $\mathbf{ Cat }$ of small categories (Example 2.2.0.4), we denote objects using calligraphic letters (such as $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$ and $\operatorname{\mathcal{D}}$) and $1$-morphisms using uppercase Roman letters (such as $F$ and $G$).
Warning 2.2.1.9. Let $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$ be a $2$-category. Then there are two different notions of composition for the $2$-morphisms of $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$:
- $(V)$
Let $X$ and $Y$ be objects of $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$. Suppose we are given $1$-morphisms $f,g,h: X \rightarrow Y$ and a pair of $2$-morphisms
\[ \gamma : f \Rightarrow g \quad \quad \delta : g \Rightarrow h. \]
We can then apply the composition law in the ordinary category $\underline{\operatorname{Hom}}_{\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}}(X,Y)$ to obtain a $2$-morphism $f \Rightarrow h$, which we refer to as the vertical composition of $\gamma $ and $\delta $.
- $(H)$
Let $X$, $Y$, and $Z$ be objects of $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$. Suppose we are given $2$-morphisms $\gamma : f \Rightarrow g$ in the category $\underline{\operatorname{Hom}}_{\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}}(X,Y)$ and $\gamma ': f' \Rightarrow g'$ in the category $\underline{\operatorname{Hom}}_{\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}}(Y,Z)$. Then the image of $(\gamma ', \gamma )$ under the composition law
\[ \circ : \underline{\operatorname{Hom}}_{\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}}( Y, Z) \times \underline{\operatorname{Hom}}_{\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}}(X,Y) \rightarrow \underline{\operatorname{Hom}}_{\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}}(X, Z), \]
is a $2$-morphism from $f' \circ f$ to $g' \circ g$, which will refer to as the horizontal composition of $\gamma $ and $\gamma '$.
The terminology is motivated by the following graphical representations of the data described in $(V)$ and $(H)$:
\[ \xymatrix@C =50pt{ X \ar@ /^30pt/[r]^{f} \ar [r]^-{g} \ar@ /_30pt/[r]_{h} \ar@ {=>}[]+<32pt,20pt>;+<32pt,10pt>^{\gamma } \ar@ {=>}[]+<32pt,-10pt>;+<32pt,-20pt>^{\delta } & Y & X \ar@ /^15pt/[r]^{f} \ar@ /_15pt/[r]_{g} \ar@ {=>}[]+<32pt,10pt>;+<32pt,-10pt>^{\gamma } & Y \ar@ /^15pt/[r]^{f'} \ar@ /_15pt/[r]_{g'} \ar@ {=>}[]+<32pt,10pt>;+<32pt,-10pt>^{\gamma '}& Z. } \]
To avoid confusion, we will generally denote the vertical composition of $2$-morphisms $\gamma $ and $\delta $ by $\delta \gamma $ and the horizontal composition of $2$-morphisms $\gamma $ and $\gamma '$ by $\gamma ' \circ \gamma $.
Axiom $(C)$ of Definition 2.2.1.1 requires that, for every pair of objects $X$ and $Y$ of a $2$-category $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$, the functors
\[ \underline{\operatorname{Hom}}_{\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}}(X,Y) \rightarrow \underline{\operatorname{Hom}}_{\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}}(X,Y) \quad \quad f \mapsto f \circ \operatorname{id}_{X}, \operatorname{id}_{Y} \circ f \]
are fully faithful. In fact, we can say more: they are canonically isomorphic to the identity functor from $\underline{\operatorname{Hom}}_{\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}}(X,Y)$ to itself.
Construction 2.2.1.11 (Left and Right Unit Constraints). Let $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$ be a $2$-category. For every $1$-morphism $f: X \rightarrow Y$ in $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$, we have canonical isomorphisms
\[ \operatorname{id}_{Y} \circ (\operatorname{id}_{Y} \circ f) \xRightarrow {\alpha _{\operatorname{id}_ Y, \operatorname{id}_ Y, f} } (\operatorname{id}_{Y} \circ \operatorname{id}_{Y} ) \circ f \xRightarrow { \upsilon _{Y} \circ \operatorname{id}_{f} } \operatorname{id}_{Y} \circ f. \]
Since composition on the left with $\operatorname{id}_{Y}$ is fully faithful, it follows that there is a unique isomorphism $\lambda _{f}: \operatorname{id}_{Y} \circ f \xRightarrow {\sim } f$ for which the diagram
\[ \xymatrix@R =50pt@C=50pt{ \operatorname{id}_{Y} \circ (\operatorname{id}_{Y} \circ f) \ar@ {=>}[rr]^-{\alpha _{\operatorname{id}_ Y, \operatorname{id}_ Y, f} }_{\sim } \ar@ {=>}[dr]_{ \operatorname{id}_{\operatorname{id}_ Y} \circ \lambda _ f }^{\sim } & & (\operatorname{id}_ Y \circ \operatorname{id}_ Y) \circ f \ar@ {=>}[dl]^{ \upsilon _ Y \circ \operatorname{id}_ f}_{\sim } \\ & \operatorname{id}_ Y \circ f & } \]
commutes. We will refer to $\lambda _{f}$ as the left unit constraint. Similarly, there is a unique isomorphism $\rho _{f}: f \circ \operatorname{id}_{X} \xRightarrow {\sim } f$ for which the diagram
\[ \xymatrix@R =50pt@C=50pt{ f \circ ( \operatorname{id}_ X \circ \operatorname{id}_ X) \ar@ {=>}[rr]^-{\alpha _{f, \operatorname{id}_ X, \operatorname{id}_ X} }_{\sim } \ar@ {=>}[dr]_{ \operatorname{id}_{f} \circ \upsilon _ X}^{\sim } & & (f \circ \operatorname{id}_ X) \circ \operatorname{id}_ X \ar@ {=>}[dl]^{ \rho _ f \circ \operatorname{id}_{ \operatorname{id}_ X } }_{\sim } \\ & f \circ \operatorname{id}_{X} & } \]
commutes; we refer to $\rho _ f$ as the right unit constraint.
We have the following generalization of Proposition 2.1.2.19:
Proposition 2.2.1.14 (The Triangle Identity). Let $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$ be a $2$-category containing a pair of $1$-morphisms $f: X \rightarrow Y$ and $g: Y \rightarrow Z$. Then the diagram of $2$-morphisms
\[ \xymatrix@R =50pt@C=50pt{ g \circ (\operatorname{id}_ Y \circ f) \ar@ {=>}[rr]^-{\alpha _{g, \operatorname{id}_ Y, f}}_{\sim } \ar@ {=>}[dr]_{ \operatorname{id}_ g \circ \lambda _ f }^{\sim } & & (g \circ \operatorname{id}_ Y ) \circ f \ar@ {=>}[dl]^{ \rho _{g} \circ \operatorname{id}_ f }_{\sim } \\ & g \circ f & } \]
is commutative.
Proof.
We have a diagram of isomorphisms
\[ \xymatrix@R =50pt@C=-17pt{ & g \circ ( (\operatorname{id}_ Y \circ \operatorname{id}_ Y) \circ f) \ar [rr]^{\alpha } \ar [d]^{\upsilon _ Y} & & (g \circ ( \operatorname{id}_ Y \circ \operatorname{id}_ Y ) ) \circ f \ar [d]_{\upsilon _{Y} } \ar [ddr]^{\alpha } & \\ & g \circ (\operatorname{id}_ Y \circ f) \ar [rr]^{ \alpha } \ar [d]^{\alpha } & & (g \circ \operatorname{id}_ Y) \circ f \ar [dll]^{ \operatorname{id}} & \\ g \circ (\operatorname{id}_ Y \circ (\operatorname{id}_ Y \circ f) ) \ar [uur]^{\alpha } \ar [ur]_{\lambda _ f} \ar [drr]^{ \alpha } & (g \circ \operatorname{id}_ Y) \circ f \ar [r]^-{ \rho _{g}} & g \circ f & g \circ ( \operatorname{id}_ Y \circ f) \ar [l]_-{ \lambda _ f} \ar [u]^{ \alpha } & ((g \circ \operatorname{id}_ Y) \circ \operatorname{id}_ Y) \circ f \ar [ul]^{\rho _ g} \\ & & (g \circ \operatorname{id}_ Y) \circ (\operatorname{id}_ Y \circ f). \ar [ul]_{ \lambda _ f } \ar [ur]^{ \rho _ g } \ar [urr]^{ \alpha } & & } \]
Here the outer cycle commutes by the pentagon identity $(P)$ of Definition 2.2.1.1, the upper rectangle by the functoriality of the associativity constraint, the upper side triangles by the definition of the left and right unit constraints, the quadrilaterals on the lower sides by the functoriality of the associativity constraints, and the lower region by the functoriality of composition. It follows that the middle square is also commutative, which is equivalent to the statement of Proposition 2.2.1.14.
$\square$
It follows from Proposition 2.2.1.14 that we can recover the unit constraints $\{ \upsilon _{X} \} _{X \in \operatorname{Ob}(\operatorname{\mathcal{C}})}$ of a $2$-category $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$ from the left and right unit constraints defined in Construction 2.2.1.11.
Corollary 2.2.1.15. Let $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$ be a $2$-category and let $X$ be an object of $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$. Then the left and right unit constraints
\[ \lambda _{ \operatorname{id}_ X }: \operatorname{id}_ X \circ \operatorname{id}_ X \xRightarrow {\sim } \operatorname{id}_ X \quad \quad \rho _{ \operatorname{id}_ X}: \operatorname{id}_ X \circ \operatorname{id}_ X \xRightarrow {\sim } \operatorname{id}_ X \]
are both equal to the unit constraint $\upsilon _ X: \operatorname{id}_ X \circ \operatorname{id}_{X} \xRightarrow {\sim } \operatorname{id}_ X$.
Proof.
For any $1$-morphism $f: Y \rightarrow X$ in $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$, the left unit constraint $\lambda _{f}$ is characterized by the commutativity of the diagram
\[ \xymatrix@R =50pt@C=50pt{ \operatorname{id}_ X \circ (\operatorname{id}_ X \circ f) \ar@ {=>}[rr]^-{\alpha _{\operatorname{id}_ X, \operatorname{id}_ X, f} }_{\sim } \ar@ {=>}[dr]_{ \operatorname{id}_{ \operatorname{id}_ X} \circ \lambda _ f }^{\sim } & & (\operatorname{id}_ X \circ \operatorname{id}_ X) \circ f \ar@ {=>}[dl]^{ \upsilon _{X} \circ \operatorname{id}_ f}_{\sim } \\ & \operatorname{id}_{X} \circ f. & } \]
Using Proposition 2.2.1.14, we deduce that $\upsilon _{X} \circ \operatorname{id}_ f = \rho _{ \operatorname{id}_ X } \circ \operatorname{id}_ f$ as $2$-morphisms from $( \operatorname{id}_{X} \circ \operatorname{id}_{X} ) \circ f$ to $\operatorname{id}_{X} \circ f$. In other words, the $2$-morphisms $\upsilon _{X}, \rho _{ \operatorname{id}_ X }: \operatorname{id}_{X} \circ \operatorname{id}_{X} \Rightarrow \operatorname{id}_ X$ have the same image under the functor
\[ \underline{\operatorname{Hom}}_{\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}}(X,X ) \rightarrow \underline{\operatorname{Hom}}_{\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}}(Y,X) \quad \quad g \mapsto g \circ f. \]
In the special case where $Y = X$ and $f = \operatorname{id}_{X}$, this functor is fully faithful. It follows that $\upsilon _{X} = \rho _{ \operatorname{id}_ X }$. The equality $\upsilon _{X} = \lambda _{ \operatorname{id}_ X }$ follows by a similar argument.
$\square$
We will also need some variants of Proposition 2.2.1.14 (generalizing Exercise 2.1.2.20):
Proposition 2.2.1.16. Let $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$ be a $2$-category containing a pair of composable $1$-morphisms $f: X \rightarrow Y$ and $g: Y \rightarrow Z$. Then:
- $(1)$
The associativity constraint $\alpha _{\operatorname{id}_ Z,g,f}: \operatorname{id}_{Z} \circ (g \circ f) \Rightarrow (\operatorname{id}_ Z \circ g) \circ f$ is given by the (vertical) composition
\[ \operatorname{id}_{Z} \circ (g \circ f) \xRightarrow { \lambda _{g \circ f} } g \circ f \xRightarrow {\lambda ^{-1}_{g} \circ \operatorname{id}_{f} } (\operatorname{id}_ Z \circ g) \circ f. \]
- $(2)$
The associativity constraint $\alpha _{g,f,\operatorname{id}_ X}: g \circ (f \circ \operatorname{id}_ X) \Rightarrow (g \circ f) \circ \operatorname{id}_ X$ is given by the (vertical) composition
\[ g \circ (f \circ \operatorname{id}_ X) \xRightarrow { \operatorname{id}_{g} \circ \rho _{f}} g \circ f \xRightarrow { \rho ^{-1}_{g \circ f} } (g \circ f) \circ \operatorname{id}_ X \]
Proof of Proposition 2.2.1.16.
We will prove $(2)$; the proof of $(1)$ is similar. Set $e = \operatorname{id}_ X$, and consider the diagram of isomorphisms
\[ \xymatrix@C =0pt@R=40pt{ & g \circ ((f \circ e) \circ e) \ar@ {=>}[rr]^{ \alpha _{g, f \circ e, e} } \ar@ {=>}[d]^-{\rho _ f} & & (g \circ (f \circ e)) \circ e \ar@ {=>}[dr]^{ \alpha _{g, f, e} } \ar@ {=>}[dl]_-{\rho _ f} & \\ g \circ (f \circ (e \circ e) ) \ar@ {=>}[ur]^{ \alpha _{f,e,e} } \ar@ {=>}[drr]_{ \alpha _{g,f,e \circ e}} \ar@ {=>}[r]^-{\lambda _ e} & g \circ (f \circ e) \ar@ {=>}[r]^-{\alpha _{g,f,e}} & (g \circ f) \circ e & & ((g \circ f) \circ e) \circ e \ar@ {=>}[ll]_-{\rho _{g \circ f}} \\ & & (g \circ f) \circ (e \circ e). \ar@ {=>}[urr]_{\alpha _{ g \circ f, e, e} } \ar@ {=>}[u]_-{\lambda _ e } & & } \]
Here the outer cycle of the diagram commutes by the pentagon identity for $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$, the triangles on the upper left and lower right commute by virtue of Proposition 2.2.1.14, and the upper and lower square diagrams commute by the functoriality of the associativity constraints. It follows that the triangle on the upper right commutes: that is, the identity $\alpha _{g,f,\operatorname{id}_ X} = \rho ^{-1}_{g \circ f} (\operatorname{id}_ g \circ \rho _{f} )$ holds after applying the functor $(\bullet \circ \operatorname{id}_ X): \underline{\operatorname{Hom}}_{\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}}(X,Z) \rightarrow \underline{\operatorname{Hom}}_{\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}}(X,Z)$. Since this functor is fully faithful (in fact, it is isomorphic to the identity functor by means of the right unit constraint $\rho $), we conclude that the identity $\alpha _{g,f,\operatorname{id}_ X} = \rho _{g \circ f}^{-1} (\operatorname{id}_ g \circ \rho _{f} )$ holds in $\underline{\operatorname{Hom}}_{\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}}(X,Z)$ itself.
$\square$