# Kerodon

$\Newextarrow{\xRightarrow}{5,5}{0x21D2}$ $\newcommand\empty{}$

Proposition 4.2.2.9. Let $U: \operatorname{\mathcal{E}}\rightarrow \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$ be a functor between categories. Then:

$(1)$

The functor $U$ is a fibration in groupoids if and only if the induced map $\operatorname{N}_{\bullet }(U): \operatorname{N}_{\bullet }(\operatorname{\mathcal{E}}) \rightarrow \operatorname{N}_{\bullet }(\operatorname{\mathcal{C}})$ is a right fibration of simplicial sets.

$(2)$

A functor $U$ is an opfibration in groupoids if and only if the induced map $\operatorname{N}_{\bullet }(U): \operatorname{N}_{\bullet }(\operatorname{\mathcal{E}}) \rightarrow \operatorname{N}_{\bullet }(\operatorname{\mathcal{C}})$ is a left fibration of simplicial sets.

Proof. We will prove $(1)$; the proof of $(2)$ is similar. Assume first that $U$ is a fibration in groupoids; we wish to show that for every pair of integers $0 < i \leq n$, every lifting problem

4.1
$$\begin{gathered}\label{equation:lifting-problem-in-characterization} \xymatrix@R =50pt@C=50pt{ \Lambda ^{n}_{i} \ar [r]^-{\sigma _0} \ar [d] & \operatorname{N}_{\bullet }(\operatorname{\mathcal{E}}) \ar [d]^{ \operatorname{N}_{\bullet }(U) } \\ \Delta ^ n \ar [r]^-{\tau } \ar@ {-->}[ur] & \operatorname{N}_{\bullet }(\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}) } \end{gathered}$$

admits a solution. If $0 < i < n$, then $\sigma _0$ admits a unique extension $\sigma : \Delta ^{n} \rightarrow \operatorname{N}_{\bullet }(\operatorname{\mathcal{E}})$ (Proposition 1.2.3.1). Moreover, since $\operatorname{N}_{\bullet }(U) \circ \sigma$ and $\tau$ coincide on the simplicial subset $\Lambda ^{n}_{i} \subseteq \Delta ^{n}$, they automatically coincide (again by Proposition 1.2.3.1). We may therefore assume without loss of generality that $i = n$. We consider four cases:

• If $n=1$, then the existence of a solution to the lifting problem (4.1) is equivalent to condition $(A)$ of Definition 4.2.2.1, and is therefore ensured by our assumption that $U$ is a fibration in groupoids.

• If $n=2$, then the existence of a solution to the lifting problem (4.1) follows from condition $(B)$ of Definition 4.2.2.1 (see Remark 4.2.2.3), and is again ensured by our assumption that $U$ is a fibration in groupoids.

• If $n=3$, then the morphism $\sigma _0$ encodes a collection of objects $\{ X_{j} \} _{0 \leq j \leq 3}$ and morphisms $\{ f_{kj}: X_ j \rightarrow X_ k \} _{0 \leq j < k \leq 3}$ in the category $\operatorname{\mathcal{E}}$, which satisfy the identities

$f_{30} = f_{31} \circ f_{10} \quad \quad f_{30} = f_{32} \circ f_{20} \quad \quad f_{31} = f_{32} \circ f_{21}.$

To extend $\sigma _0$ to a $3$-simplex $\sigma$ of $\operatorname{N}_{\bullet }(\operatorname{\mathcal{C}})$, we must show that $f_{20} = f_{21} \circ f_{10}$ (note that any such extension automatically satisfies $\tau = \operatorname{N}_{\bullet }(U) \circ \sigma$, since the horn $\Lambda ^{3}_{3}$ contains the $1$-skeleton of $\Delta ^3$). Invoking our assumption that $U$ is a fibration in groupoids, we deduce that the map

$\operatorname{Hom}_{\operatorname{\mathcal{E}}}(X_0, X_2) \rightarrow \operatorname{Hom}_{\operatorname{\mathcal{E}}}(X_0, X_3) \times \operatorname{Hom}_{\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}}( F(X_0), F(X_2) ) \quad \quad u \mapsto (f_{32} \circ u, F(u) )$

is injective. Using the calculation

$f_{32} \circ f_{20} = f_{30} = f_{31} \circ f_{10} = (f_{32} \circ f_{21}) \circ f_{10} = f_{32} \circ (f_{21} \circ f_{10} ),$

we are reduced to proving that $U( f_{20} )$ is equal to $U( f_{21} \circ f_{10} ) = U( f_{21} ) \circ U(f_{10} )$, which follows from the existence of the $3$-simplex $\tau$.

• If $n \geq 4$, then the horn $\Lambda ^{n}_{i}$ contains the $2$-skeleton of $\Delta ^ n$. It follows that $\sigma _0$ admits a unique extension to a map $\sigma : \Delta ^{n} \rightarrow \operatorname{N}_{\bullet }(\operatorname{\mathcal{E}})$, which automatically satisfies $\tau = \operatorname{N}_{\bullet }(U) \circ \sigma$.

We now prove the converse. Assume that $\operatorname{N}_{\bullet }(U)$ is a right fibration of simplicial sets; we wish to show that $U$ is a fibration in groupoids. As above, we note that condition $(A)$ of Definition 4.2.2.1 follows from the solvability of the lifting problem (4.1) in the special case $i=n=1$. To verify condition $(B)$, we must show that for every diagram

$\xymatrix@R =50pt@C=50pt{ & Y \ar [dr]^{g} & \\ X \ar [rr]^{h} & & Z }$

in the category $\operatorname{\mathcal{E}}$ and every compatible extension

$\xymatrix@R =50pt@C=50pt{ & U(Y) \ar [dr]^{ U(g) } & \\ U(X) \ar [ur]^{ \overline{f} } \ar [rr]^{ U(h) } & & U(Z) }$

in the category $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$, there exists a unique morphism $f: X \rightarrow Y$ in $\operatorname{\mathcal{E}}$ satisfying $U(f) = \overline{f}$ and $g \circ f = h$. The existence of $f$ follows from the solvability of the lifting problem (4.1) in the special case $i=n=2$. To prove uniqueness, suppose we are given a pair of morphisms $f,f'': X \rightarrow Y$ in $\operatorname{\mathcal{E}}$ satisfying $U(f) = \overline{f} = U(f')$ and $g \circ f = h = g \circ f'$. Consider the not-necessarily-commutative diagram

$\xymatrix@R =50pt@C=70pt{ & Y \ar [r]^-{\operatorname{id}_ Y} \ar [drr]^-{g} & Y \ar [dr]^{ g} & \\ X \ar [ur]^-{f} \ar [urr]^-{f'} \ar [rrr]^{h} & & & Z }$

in the category $\operatorname{\mathcal{E}}$. Every triangle in this diagram commutes with the possible exception of the upper left, so it determines a map of simplicial sets $\sigma _0: \Lambda ^3_{3} \rightarrow \operatorname{N}_{\bullet }(\operatorname{\mathcal{E}})$. Moreover, the equation $U(u) = U(u')$ guarantees that $\operatorname{N}_{\bullet }(F) \circ \sigma _0$ extends to a $3$-simplex $\tau$ of $\operatorname{N}_{\bullet }(\operatorname{\mathcal{D}})$. Invoking the solvability of the lifting problem (4.1) in the case $i=n=3$, we conclude that $\sigma _0$ can be extended to a $3$-simplex of $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$, which witnesses the identity $f' = \operatorname{id}_{Y} \circ f = f$. $\square$