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5.5.4 The $\infty $-Category of $\infty $-Categories

Let $\mathrm{h} \mathit{\operatorname{QCat}}$ denote the homotopy category of (small) $\infty $-categories (Construction 4.5.1.1). Recall that the objects of $\mathrm{h} \mathit{\operatorname{QCat}}$ are (small) $\infty $-categories, and a morphism from $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$ to $\operatorname{\mathcal{D}}$ in $\mathrm{h} \mathit{\operatorname{QCat}}$ is an isomorphism class of functors from $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$ to $\operatorname{\mathcal{D}}$. In this section, we show that $\mathrm{h} \mathit{\operatorname{QCat}}$ can be realized as the homotopy category of an $\infty $-category $\operatorname{\mathcal{QC}}$, which we will refer to as the $\infty $-category of $\infty $-categories. Proceeding as in ยง5.5.1, we will realize $\operatorname{\mathcal{QC}}$ as the homotopy coherent nerve of a simplicial category.

Construction 5.5.4.1 (The $\infty $-Category of $\infty $-Categories). We define a simplicial category $\operatorname{QCat}$ as follows:

  • The objects of $\operatorname{QCat}$ are (small) $\infty $-categories.

  • If $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$ and $\operatorname{\mathcal{D}}$ are $\infty $-categories, then the simplicial set $\operatorname{Hom}_{\operatorname{QCat}}( \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}, \operatorname{\mathcal{D}})_{\bullet }$ is the core $\operatorname{Fun}(\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}, \operatorname{\mathcal{D}})^{\simeq }$ of the functor $\infty $-category $\operatorname{Fun}(\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}, \operatorname{\mathcal{D}})$.

  • If $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$, $\operatorname{\mathcal{D}}$, and $\operatorname{\mathcal{E}}$ are $\infty $-categories, then the composition law

    \[ \circ : \operatorname{Hom}_{\operatorname{QCat}}(\operatorname{\mathcal{D}}, \operatorname{\mathcal{E}})_{\bullet } \times \operatorname{Hom}_{\operatorname{QCat}}( \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}, \operatorname{\mathcal{D}})_{\bullet } \rightarrow \operatorname{Hom}_{\operatorname{QCat}}( \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}, \operatorname{\mathcal{E}})_{\bullet } \]

    is induced by the composition map $\operatorname{Fun}( \operatorname{\mathcal{D}}, \operatorname{\mathcal{E}}) \times \operatorname{Fun}(\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}, \operatorname{\mathcal{D}}) \rightarrow \operatorname{Fun}( \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}, \operatorname{\mathcal{E}})$.

We let $\operatorname{\mathcal{QC}}$ denote the homotopy coherent nerve $\operatorname{N}_{\bullet }^{\operatorname{hc}}( \operatorname{QCat})$. We will refer to $\operatorname{\mathcal{QC}}$ as the $\infty $-category of $\infty $-categories.

Remark 5.5.4.2. Many authors use the term quasicategory for what we refer to as an $\infty $-category (see Remark 1.4.0.2); the notations of Construction 5.5.4.1 reflect this alternative terminology.

Proof. For every pair of $\infty $-categories $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$ and $\operatorname{\mathcal{D}}$, the core $\operatorname{Fun}( \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}, \operatorname{\mathcal{D}})^{\simeq }$ is a Kan complex (Corollary 4.4.3.11). It follows that the simplicial category $\operatorname{QCat}$ of Construction 5.5.4.1 is locally Kan, so its homotopy coherent nerve $\operatorname{\mathcal{QC}}= \operatorname{N}_{\bullet }^{\operatorname{hc}}( \operatorname{QCat})$ is an $\infty $-category by virtue of Theorem 2.4.5.1. $\square$

Remark 5.5.4.4. The low-dimensional simplices of $\operatorname{\mathcal{QC}}$ are simple to describe:

  • An object of $\operatorname{\mathcal{QC}}$ is a (small) $\infty $-category $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$.

  • If $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$ and $\operatorname{\mathcal{D}}$ are objects of $\operatorname{\mathcal{QC}}$, then a morphism from $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$ to $\operatorname{\mathcal{D}}$ in $\operatorname{\mathcal{QC}}$ is a functor $F: \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}\rightarrow \operatorname{\mathcal{D}}$.

  • A $2$-simplex of $\operatorname{\mathcal{QC}}$ can be identified with a diagram

    \[ \xymatrix@R =50pt@C=50pt{ & \operatorname{\mathcal{D}}\ar [dr]^{G} \ar@ {=>}[]+<0pt,-15pt>;+<0pt,-60pt>^-{\mu }_-{\sim } & \\ \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}\ar [ur]^{F} \ar [rr]_{H} & & \operatorname{\mathcal{E}}} \]

    where $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$, $\operatorname{\mathcal{D}}$, and $\operatorname{\mathcal{E}}$ are (small) $\infty $-categories, $F$, $G$, and $H$ are functors, and $\mu : G \circ F \rightarrow H$ is an isomorphism in the $\infty $-category $\operatorname{Fun}(\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}, \operatorname{\mathcal{E}})$.

Remark 5.5.4.5. Let $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$ and $\operatorname{\mathcal{D}}$ be $\infty $-categories. Then Remark 4.6.8.6 supplies a homotopy equivalence of Kan complexes $\phi : \operatorname{Fun}(\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}, \operatorname{\mathcal{D}})^{\simeq } \rightarrow \operatorname{Hom}_{\operatorname{\mathcal{QC}}}( \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}, \operatorname{\mathcal{D}})$. Beware that this homotopy equivalence is generally not an isomorphism.

Remark 5.5.4.6. Let $\mathrm{h} \mathit{\operatorname{QCat}}$ denote the homotopy category of $\infty $-categories (Construction 4.5.1.1), which we view as an $\mathrm{h} \mathit{\operatorname{Kan}}$-enriched category (see Remark 3.1.5.12). Applying Proposition 2.4.6.9 and Corollary 4.6.9.20, we obtain a canonical isomorphism of $\mathrm{h} \mathit{\operatorname{Kan}}$-enriched categories $\Phi : \mathrm{h} \mathit{\operatorname{QCat}} \xrightarrow {\sim } \mathrm{h} \mathit{\operatorname{\mathcal{QC}}}$, which is given on objects by the construction $\Phi (\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}) = \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$ and on morphism spaces by the homotopy equivalences

\[ \operatorname{Hom}_{\operatorname{QCat}}( \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}, \operatorname{\mathcal{D}})_{\bullet } = \operatorname{Fun}(\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}, \operatorname{\mathcal{D}})^{\simeq } \rightarrow \operatorname{Hom}_{ \operatorname{\mathcal{QC}}}( \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}, \operatorname{\mathcal{D}}) \]

of Remark 5.5.4.5.

Remark 5.5.4.7. Let $F: \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}\rightarrow \operatorname{\mathcal{D}}$ be a functor between $\infty $-categories. Then $F$ is an equivalence of $\infty $-categories (in the sense of Definition 4.5.1.10) if and only if it is an isomorphism in the $\infty $-category $\operatorname{\mathcal{QC}}$.

Remark 5.5.4.8 (Comparison with Kan Complexes). Every Kan complex is an $\infty $-category (Example 1.4.0.3). Moreover, if $X$ and $Y$ are Kan complexes, then the simplicial set $\operatorname{Fun}(X,Y)$ is also a Kan complex (Corollary 3.1.3.4), and therefore coincides with its core $\operatorname{Fun}(X,Y)^{\simeq }$. It follows that we can regard the simplicial category $\operatorname{Kan}$ of Construction 5.5.1.1 as a full simplicial subcategory of $\operatorname{QCat}$. Passing to homotopy coherent nerves, we deduce that the $\infty $-category $\operatorname{\mathcal{S}}= \operatorname{N}_{\bullet }^{\operatorname{hc}}( \operatorname{Kan})$ is the full subcategory of $\operatorname{\mathcal{QC}}= \operatorname{N}_{\bullet }^{\operatorname{hc}}( \operatorname{QCat})$ spanned by the Kan complexes.

Remark 5.5.4.9 (Functoriality of the Core). For every $\infty $-category $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$, let $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}^{\simeq }$ denote the core of $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$ (Construction 4.4.3.1). The construction $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}\mapsto \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}^{\simeq }$ determines a simplicially enriched functor $\operatorname{QCat}\rightarrow \operatorname{Kan}$. Passing to homotopy coherent nerves, we obtain a functor of $\infty $-categories

\[ \operatorname{\mathcal{QC}}\rightarrow \operatorname{\mathcal{S}}\quad \quad \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}\mapsto \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}^{\simeq }. \]

Remark 5.5.4.10 (Comparison with Categories). Let $\mathbf{Cat}$ denote the strict $2$-category of small categories (Example 2.2.0.4), let $\operatorname{Pith}( \mathbf{Cat} )$ denote its pith (Construction 2.2.8.9), and let us abuse notation by identifying $\operatorname{Pith}( \mathbf{Cat} )$ with the simplicial category described in Example 2.4.2.8. Concretely, this simplicial category can be described as follows:

  • The objects of $\operatorname{Pith}( \mathbf{Cat} )$ are small categories.

  • If $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$ and $\operatorname{\mathcal{D}}$ are objects of $\operatorname{Pith}( \mathbf{Cat} )$, then the simplicial set $\operatorname{Hom}_{\operatorname{Pith}( \mathbf{Cat} )}( \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}, \operatorname{\mathcal{D}})_{\bullet }$ is the nerve of the groupoid $\operatorname{Fun}(\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}, \operatorname{\mathcal{D}})^{\simeq }$ whose objects are functors from $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$ to $\operatorname{\mathcal{D}}$ and whose morphisms are natural isomorphisms.

By virtue of Proposition 1.5.3.3, the construction $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}\mapsto \operatorname{N}_{\bullet }(\operatorname{\mathcal{C}})$ determines a fully faithful embedding of simplicial categories $\operatorname{Pith}(\mathbf{Cat} ) \hookrightarrow \operatorname{QCat}$. Passing to homotopy coherent nerves (and invoking Example 2.4.3.11), we obtain a functor of $\infty $-categories $\operatorname{N}_{\bullet }^{\operatorname{D}}( \operatorname{Pith}( \mathbf{Cat} ) ) \rightarrow \operatorname{\mathcal{QC}}$. Unwinding the definitions, we see that this functor induces an isomorphism from the Duskin nerve $\operatorname{N}_{\bullet }^{\operatorname{D}}( \operatorname{Pith}( \mathbf{Cat} ) )$ to the full subcategory of $\operatorname{\mathcal{QC}}$ spanned by those $\infty $-categories of the form $\operatorname{N}_{\bullet }(\operatorname{\mathcal{C}})$, where $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$ is an ordinary category.

Variant 5.5.4.11. Let $\kappa $ be an uncountable cardinal. We let $\operatorname{\mathcal{QC}}^{< \kappa }$ denote the full subcategory of $\operatorname{\mathcal{QC}}$ spanned by the $\infty $-categories which are $\kappa $-small. We will refer to $\operatorname{\mathcal{QC}}^{< \kappa }$ as the $\infty $-category of essentially $\kappa $-small $\infty $-categories.

Remark 5.5.4.12 (Set-Theoretic Conventions). By definition, the objects of the $\infty $-category $\operatorname{\mathcal{QC}}= \operatorname{N}_{\bullet }^{\operatorname{hc}}( \operatorname{QCat})$ are small $\infty $-categories. According to the convention of Remark 4.7.0.5, this means that we restrict our attention to essentially $\lambda $-small Kan complexes, where $\lambda $ is some fixed uncountable strongly inaccessible cardinal. In this case, the definitions given in Variant 5.5.4.11 are appropriate only for uncountable cardinals $\kappa < \lambda $. More generally, if $\kappa $ is an arbitrary uncountable cardinal, we can define $\operatorname{\mathcal{QC}}^{< \kappa }$ to be the homotopy coherent nerve $\operatorname{N}_{\bullet }^{\operatorname{hc}}( \operatorname{QCat}^{< \kappa } )$, where $\operatorname{QCat}^{< \kappa }$ denotes the (simplicially enriched) category of $\kappa $-small $\infty $-categories. We then have three cases:

$(a)$

If $\kappa < \lambda $, then $\operatorname{\mathcal{QC}}^{< \kappa }$ is a full subcategory of $\operatorname{\mathcal{QC}}$.

$(b)$

If $\kappa = \lambda $, then $\operatorname{\mathcal{QC}}^{< \kappa }$ coincides with $\operatorname{\mathcal{QC}}$.

$(c)$

If $\kappa > \lambda $, then $\operatorname{\mathcal{QC}}$ is a full subcategory of $\operatorname{\mathcal{QC}}^{< \kappa }$.

To simplify the exposition, we will often implicitly assume that we are in case $(a)$, as suggested in Variant 5.5.4.11. However, it will be convenient to also allow case $(c)$ when working with $\infty $-categories which are not necessarily small (such as $\operatorname{\mathcal{QC}}$ itself).

Variant 5.5.4.13. Let $\kappa $ be an uncountable cardinal. We let $\operatorname{\mathcal{S}}^{< \kappa }$ denote the full subcategory of $\operatorname{\mathcal{S}}$ spanned by the $\kappa $-small Kan complexes, which we also regard as a full subcategory of $\operatorname{\mathcal{QC}}^{< \kappa }$. Similarly, we let $\operatorname{\mathcal{S}}^{< \kappa }_{\ast }$ denote the full subcategory of $\operatorname{\mathcal{S}}_{\ast }$ spanned by those pointed Kan complexes $(X,x)$ where $X$ is $\kappa $-small.

Remark 5.5.4.14. Let $\kappa $ and $\lambda $ be regular cardinals and suppose that $\kappa $ is less than or equal to the exponential cofinality $\mathrm{ecf}(\lambda )$ (see Definition 4.7.3.16). Then the $\infty $-category $\operatorname{\mathcal{QC}}^{< \kappa }$ is locally $\lambda $-small. This follows by combining Remarks 5.5.4.5 and 4.7.5.11. It follows that the full subcategory $\operatorname{\mathcal{S}}^{< \kappa } \subseteq \operatorname{\mathcal{QC}}^{< \kappa }$ is also locally $\lambda $-small.